废水中重金属输入响应模型研究

为探讨工业废水中重金属污染物在各企业分排放口和入江总排放口间的输入响应关系,选择典型废水排放口进行调查和监测。根据获得的有效实测数据,利用最优化参数识别方法,搜索最佳反应参数值,建立重金属污染物的总量或浓度平衡方程,使总量控制路线中的重金属总量优化分配过程更科学合理。     

多沙大河的扩散示踪研究

污染物在水体中的扩散规律研究已引起越来越多人的关注。通过现场扩散示踪实验求得扩散系数，进而对污染物的扩散规律予以定量描述，是一种可靠易行的方法。对黄河托克托至河曲段的实际研究表明，以Ｃｒ２Ｏ或Ｆ－为示踪剂，运用Ｔａｙｌｏｒ模型进行多沙大河的污染物扩散规律研究可以取得满意的结果。同时，利用现场示踪实验结果与经验公式的结合可以预测不同情况下的纵向扩散系数，从而得出污染物的允许排放量，这将有利于污染物在水体中行为的深入研究。     

火电厂NOx污染排放控制方法探讨

NOx的排放控制是火电厂未来环境保护的重要任务。从控制燃烧过程中NOx的生成以及在燃烧后脱除烟气中NOx两个方面探讨了减少NOx排放的有效技术。     

Practical applications of the fenton reaction to the removal of chlorinated aromatic pollutants

BACKGROUND: Chlorophenols (CPs) constitute a group of organic pollutants that are introduced into the environment as a result of several man-made activities, such as uncontrolled use of pesticides and herbicides, and as byproducts in the paper pulp bleaching. Promising removal technologies of chlorinated aromatics consist in the application of advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) that can provide an almost total degradation of a variety of contaminants. Among these, wide application find Fenton systems based on generation of reactive species having a high oxidizing power, such as hydroxyl radical HO*. Our objective was that of determining the overall degradation efficiency of the model compound 2,4-dichlorophenol (DCP) by thermal Fenton-type oxidation systems with a view toward defining in more details relevant process parameters, the effect of reaction temperature and of co-catalyst Cu2+. METHODS: Reaction conditions were similar to those generally adopted as optimal in many practical applications, i.e. pollutant/Fe2+ (as FeSO4) ratio ca. 20, Fe2+/Cu2+ (co-catalyst) 2:1, pH adjusted and controlled at pH 3, and H2O2 in excess (up to four-fold over the stoichiometric amount required for complete mineralization). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The results demonstrate that it is advantageous to carry out the reaction at a temperature markedly higher (70 degrees C) than ambient. The stepwise addition of H2O2 in aliquots yields an efficient transformation, while allowing a convenient control of the reaction exothermicity. Under these conditions, the essentially complete removal of the initial DCP is accomplished using just one equiv of H2O2 during 15 min; excess H2O2 (5 equivalents) yields extensive substrate mineralization. Also relevant, at 70 degrees C dechlorination of the initial DCP (and of derived reaction intermediates) is remarkably extensive (3-5% residual TOX), already with the addition of 1 equiv of H2O2. At the end of the reaction, IC and IC-MS analyses of the solution reveal that only low-molecular weight carboxylic acid (acetic, formic, oxalic, malonic, tartaric, etc.) contribute to the residual TOC. CONCLUSIONS: The whole of the results herein point to the advantage of performing the process at temperatures substantially higher than ambient (70 degrees C). Under the conditions adopted, almost complete degradation of the initial toxic compound can be achieved using hydrogen peroxide in fair excess (e.g., 3.5 equiv H2O2). RECOMMENDATIONS AND OUTLOOK: In applying practical Fenton-type degradation systems to heavily polluted wastes, either for the pre-treatment of waters with a high COD value prior to biodegradation or for complete mineralization of pollutants, the set up of appropriate reaction conditions appears to be a key factor. Also, it is desirable to keep the concentration of iron salts within the lower limits in order to minimize the production and disposal of iron oxide sludges.     

超声波、电场和光催化协同降解有机污染物的研究现状

以自由基反应为主的高级氧化工艺是处理有机污染物的新型技术，具有良好的拓展和应用环境。超声氧化、电化学氧化工艺和紫外光催化工艺都属于高级氧化工艺，许多研究者发现单独使用这些工艺降解有机污染物效果不够理想，更有效的方法是联合使用。本文系统地介绍了超声波和光催化、光催化和电场、超声波和电场协同降解有机污染物的机理和研究现状。     

持久性有机污染物(POPs)对人类健康的危害及其治理技术进展

大部分持久有机污染物persistent organic pollutants(POPs)具有致癌性、致突变和致畸变作用，对人类健康造成严重危害。本文阐述了POPs的各种性质、对人类健康的危害、主要的污染来源、国内外面临的污染现状及其处理和销毁技术进展，着重阐述了对被POPs污染的土壤进行物理、化学和生物修复的技术，以及关于废气、污染土壤和水中二恶英类物质的治理技术。     

Recovery of lotic periphyton communities after disturbance

Periphyton communities represent potentially excellent candidates for assessing the recovery of lotic ecosystems after disturbance. These communities are ubiquitous, relatively easy to sample and measure (in terms of total community biomass), have short generation times, and may influence the recovery rates of higher trophic levels. The first section of this article analyzes how site availability, species availability, and differential species performance influence periphyton successional dynamics. This background information provides a foundation for understanding how periphytic organisms respond after a disturbance. The second section of this article analyzes how periphyton communities respond to four different types of disturbance (flood events, desiccation, organic nutrient enrichment, and toxic metal exposure). Although data are limited, it is concluded that the fast growth rates and short generation times of periphytic organisms, coupled with their flexible life history strategies and good dispersal ability, allow lotic periphyton communities to recover relatively quickly after a disturbance. In addition, disturbance type and severity, local environmental conditions, and site-specific factors also will influence recovery rates. Future research needs include a better understanding of: (1) what periphyton property(ies) would serve as the best index of recovery; (2) whether or not the robustness of this index varies among different environments and different disturbances; (3) interactions between autotrophs and heterotrophs within the periphyton mat, particularly with respect to nutrient cycling; (4) competitive interactions among organisms; (5) functional redundancy of organisms; and (6) the influence of the riparian zone and channel geomorphology on periphyton recovery rates.     

持久性有机污染物在环境中相的划分及相平衡的泛逸度模型设想

鉴于持久性有机物在环境中的结合和承载机制,作者认为,对于持久性有机物,环境可以抽象为气相、水相、有机碳相和脂相等四个均质、同结合作用的环境相,为描述持久性有机物在环境相间的平衡分配行为,引入了“泛逸度”的概念,建立了环境相间相平衡酌泛逸度模型,并以DDT为例尝试了模型的应用。     

Kinetics of low level chemiluminescence from plant leaf smoked by air pollutants

ＫｉｎｅｔｉｃｓｏｆｌｏｗｌｅｖｅｌｃｈｅｍｉｌｕｍｉｎｅｓｃｅｎｃｅｆｒｏｍｐｌａｎｔｌｅａｆｓｍｏｋｅｄｂｙａｉｒｐｏｌｕｔａｎｔｓＷａｎｇＹｉｎｇｙａｎ，ＷａｎｇＪｉｎｇｕａｎｇＢｅｉｊｉｎｇＭｕｎｉｃｉｐａｌＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈＩｎｓｔｉｔｕ...     

上海市城区典型道路行驶特征研究

对上海市城区快速干道、主干道和次于道等3种典型道路上的机动车行驶特征和交通状况进行试验和调查，得出了上海市城区各类道路上机动车行驶特征参数和交通密度。结果显示，上海市城区各类道路综合行驶特征为平均速度低，加减速频繁。其中又以主干道交通状况最差。文中的数据和结论不仅可以用于上海城市交通规划，而且对控制道路两旁机动车污染具有重要意义。